Incidence of radiodermatitis and factors associated with its severity in women with breast cancer: a cohort study

Abstract Background: One of the main adverse reactions of adjuvant radiotherapy for breast cancer is radiodermatitis. Objective: To assess the incidence of radiodermatitis in women with breast cancer, identify factors associated with its severity and determine the time at which this event occurs. Methods: Prospective cohort study in 113 women with breast cancer who were evaluated before radiotherapy and at every fifth session until the end of treatment. Logistic regression and Cox proportional regression model were used for the assessment of risk factors; P values < 0.05 were considered significant. Results: The incidence rate of radiodermatitis was 98.2% and it was demonstrated that for each additional point of the Body Mass Index (BMI), the chance of occurrence of grades II to IV radiodermatitis increases by 14% (OR = 1.14 [95% CI 1.04-1.26]; p = 0.004) and statin use increases the risk of more severe skin lesions by four-fold (OR = 4.27 [95% CI 1.11-16.42]; p = 0.035). The exclusive use of hydrogel for skin hydration was an independent factor in delaying the onset of radiodermatitis (HR = 0.55 [95% CI 0.36-0.82]; p = 0.004). Study limitations: The main limitation of this study was its external validity. The identified factors should be considered for services and populations similar to those in this study. Conclusions: There was a high incidence of radiodermatitis and its severity was related to higher BMI, statin use; there was a protective effect of hydrogel use.

Survivin expression as a prognostic marker for breast cancer

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Due to the speed of development observed in breast cancer, several studies aimed at discovering new biomarkers have been carried out in order to arrive at an early diagnosis. As survivin plays a fundamental role in the evasion of apoptosis in tumor cells, the aim of this study was to verify the expression profile of the survivin gene in paraffin-embedded breast tumor samples and associate it with the clinical characteristics of the patients. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study, for which 100 tumor samples were obtained from cancer patients treated throughout the year 2019 at Instituto de Mama do Cariri (Juazeiro do Norte, in the state of Ceará). This study included women over 30 years old who had confirmed breast cancer through anatomopathological examination but excluded those with non-neoplastic breast comorbidities, other neoplasms, or chronic diseases. Survivin gene expression was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The expression of survivin is associated with the lack of expression of estrogen (p=0.027) and progesterone (p>0.0005) receptors. It means that survivin expression is higher in patients in which labeling was absent for estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor. CONCLUSION: Our data reinforce that survivin expression is higher in estrogen receptor-patients, thus representing an additional prognostic tool.

Analysis of Watson for oncology and clinicians� treatment recommendations for patients with breast cancer in Korea: A single center experience

Background: Various clinical applications have been attempted using artificial intelligence (AI) clinical decision support system (CDSS), and it has become a starting point for personalized cancer treatment. We aimed to identify the degree of agreement between the AI?CDSS, Watson for Oncology (WFO), and the clinician in treatment recommendations for Korean breast cancer patients and to provide guidelines for future improvement. Methods: One hundred and eighty?three breast cancer patients who underwent treatment at the Pusan National University Hospital between January 1, 2016 and May 31, 2017 were enrolled in this study. The concordance between WFO抯 and clinicians� treatment recommendations were examined according to various factors. Results: WFO gave the same treatment option recommendations as clinicians in 74 (40.4%) of the cases. According to the logistic regression, the difference in recommendation concordance between stage I and stage III was statistically significant (P = 0.004), and there was no difference among other factors. Conclusion: The concordance of treatment recommendations was low overall. However, this is largely attributable to the differences of medical insurance system and healthcare environment between the United States and Korea. In the future, region?specific features should be considered or reflected during the development of AI?CDSS.

A experiência da enfermidade da mulher com câncer de mama: singularidades de um itinerário terapêutico / The illness experience of woman with breast cancer: singularities of a therapeutic itinerary / La experiencia de enfermedad de la mujer con cáncer de mama: singularidades de un itinerario terapêutico

OBJETIVO: Analisar a experiência da enfermidade da mulher com câncer de mama e os caminhos percorridos em busca da saúde. MÉTODO: A abordagem qualitativa e exploratória foi utilizada com a escolha do Estudo de Caso. As informações apreendidas foram analisadas, ordenadas e classificadas em categorias empíricas e articuladas aos referenciais teóricos. RESULTADOS: Observou-se que os caminhos em busca da saúde podem ser antagônicos a uma rede de atenção hierarquizada e sistematizada. Barreiras funcionais se mostraram presentes, ao desnudar as dificuldades encontradas pela usuária na resolutividade. Evidenciou-se que o cuidado interprofissional e o uso das tecnologias leves podem ser ferramentas potentes para o cuidado integral. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo aponta que o caminho em busca do cuidado integral pode ser arraigado por teias, que envolvem os sujeitos e suas escolhas dentro ou fora do sistema e das redes de atenção à saúde.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the illness experience of a woman with breast cancer and the paths taken in search of health. METHOD: A qualitative and exploratory approach was used with the choice of the Case Study. The information gathered was analyzed, sorted, and classified into empirical categories, which were later linked to theoretical frameworks. RESULTS: It was observed that the paths in search of health could be antagonistic to a hierarchical and systematized care network. There were functional barriers, as the difficulties encountered by the user were exposed. It was shown that interprofessional care and the use of light technologies could be powerful tools for integral care. CONCLUSION: The study points out that the path in search of comprehensive care can be rooted in webs, which involve the subjects and their choices within or outside the health care system and networks.

OBJETIVO: Analizar la experiencia de enfermedad de una mujer con cáncer de mama y los caminos recorridos en la búsqueda de la salud. MÉTODO: Se utilizó un enfoque cualitativo y exploratorio con la elección del Estudio de Caso. La información recopilada fue analizada, ordenada y clasificada en categorías empíricas, que luego fueron vinculadas a marcos teóricos. RESULTADOS: Los caminos en busca de la salud pueden ser antagónicos a una red de atención jerarquizada y sistematizada. Existían barreras funcionales, pues se exponían las dificultades encontradas por el usuario. Se demostró que el cuidado interprofesional y el uso de tecnologías livianas pueden ser herramientas poderosas para el cuidado integral. CONCLUSIÓN: La busca de la integralidad de la atención puede radicar en redes, que involucran a los sujetos y sus elecciones dentro o fuera del sistema y de las redes de salud.

Role of intrathecal chemotherapy in the management of meningeal carcinomatosis in patients with breast cancer

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate whether intrathecal chemotherapy improves clinical outcomes in patients with meningeal carcinomatosis. Methods This retrospective cohort study included consecutive patients with breast cancer diagnosed with meningeal carcinomatosis. Clinical and treatment data were collected from the patients' medical charts. The primary outcome was overall survival, and the secondary outcomes were time to neurological deterioration and reporting of clinical benefit. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for potential confounders were used to evaluate the clinical response and overall survival, respectively. Results Overall, 109 female patients were included, 50 (45.9%) of whom received intrathecal chemotherapy with methotrexate and dexamethasone. The median treatment duration was 3 weeks (range, 1-13 weeks). Patients treated with intrathecal chemotherapy were more likely to report clinical benefit (74% versus 57.7%, adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 9.0, 95%CI=2.6-30.9, p<0.001). However, there was no difference in the time to neurologic deterioration (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.96, 95%CI= 0.57-1.59, p=0.86). Patients who received intrathecal chemotherapy did not show an increase in overall survival compared with that of patients who did not receive intrathecal chemotherapy (median overall survival = 1.8 months, 95%CI= 1.27-3.0 versus 2.5, 95%CI= 1.9-3.9, adjusted HR = 0.71, 95%CI= 0.41-1.22, p=0.21). There was a significant interaction between intrathecal chemotherapy and systemic treatment, and patients who received systemic therapy without intrathecal chemotherapy had better overall survival than that of the no-treatment group (adjusted HR = 0.38, 95%CI= 0.20-0.70, p=0.002). Conclusion Intrathecal chemotherapy did not increase overall survival or time to neurological deterioration and should not preclude or postpone systemic treatments.

Dance therapy and free dance with a focus on the psychological aspects of patients in adjuvant treatment of breast cancer - study protocol for randomized clinical trial

Abstract Aim: To propose a dance therapy and free dance protocol for women undergoing adjuvant treatment of breast cancer and to compare its effectiveness with the control group and the healthy group. Method: Protocol for a 12-week randomized clinical trial with a frequency of 2 times at progressive intensity, in which the participants will be allocated into 4 groups: (a) dance therapy intervention; (b) free dance intervention; (c) control group and (d) healthy group. Information related to personal and clinical characteristics as well as psychological aspects will be collected. The primary outcome will be analyzed through depressive symptoms while secondary outcomes include the variables: body image, anxiety, mood, perceived stress, and optimism. Assessments will be carried out in the pre-intervention period (baseline) and after 12 weeks of intervention in all groups. Discussion: As a hypothesis, there are improvements in psychological aspects after dance therapy interventions and free dance, reaching the level of healthy women, given the benefits of that protocol.

Study on the efficacy and influencing factors of pyrotinib in treatment of patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive metastatic breast cancer / 肿瘤研究与临床

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of oral pyrotinib in treatment of patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive metastatic breast cancer in the real world, and to explore its influencing factors.Methods:The clinical data of 148 patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer treated with oral pyrrolitinib in Shanxi Cancer Hospital from September 2018 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The efficacy was evaluated according to the efficacy evaluation criteria for solid tumors, version 1.1, and the adverse effects were graded according to the National Cancer Institute common terminology criteria of adverse effects, version 4.0. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to draw progression-free survival (PFS) curves, the patients were stratified by different clinical characteristics, and log-rank test was used for univariate analysis of PFS; the multivariate analysis of PFS was performed using Cox proportional hazards model.Results:The objective response rate (ORR) of 148 patients was 71.6% (106/148), and the disease control rate (DCR) was 89.2% (132/148). The overall median PFS time was 11.0 months (95% CI 10.1-11.9 months), and the median PFS of 19 patients with brain metastases was 10.0 months (95% CI 7.4-12.6 months). The differences in PFS between patients stratified by disease-free interval (DFI), the number of metastatic site and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score were statistically significant (all P < 0.05), but the difference in PFS between patients with negative and positive hormone receptor was not statistically significant ( P > 0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that DFI (>1 year vs. ≤1 year: HR = 5.254, 95% CI 0.728-37.933, P = 0.046) and ECOG score (≥2 points vs. 0-1 point: HR = 2.454, 95% CI 1.261-4.788, P = 0.008) were independent influencing factors of PFS. The most common ≥grade 3 adverse effects were diarrhea (31 cases, 20.9%) and hand-foot syndrome (38 cases, 25.8%). Conclusions:The pyrotinib has definite efficacy and good safety in the treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer in the real world, especially for patients with DFI > 1 year and ECOG score 0-1 point, the efficacy and safety are particularly good.

Predictive value of 18F-FDG PET/CT radiomic fusion features combined with XGBoost model for HER2 expression status in breast cancer / 中华核医学与分子影像杂志

Objective:To evaluate the value of radiomic fusion features combined with extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) machine learning models based on 18F-FDG PET/CT images in the prediction of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression status in breast cancer. Methods:18F-FDG PET/CT images of 210 patients with primary breast cancer (all females; age 52(46, 60) years; 95 HER2-positive and 115 HER2-negative) in Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital between January 2012 and December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. About 70% of the HER2-positive and HER2-negative groups were randomly selected using Python 3.7.1 software as a training set ( n=147; 67 HER2-positive and 80 HER2-negative, age: 52(46, 60) years vs 55(45, 62) years) and 30% as a test set ( n=63; 28 HER2-positive and 35 HER2-negative, age: 54(43, 65) years vs 52(45, 61) years). After tumor segmentation on CT and PET images being finished, CT and PET radiomic features were extracted respectively. PET/CT fusion features (including PET/CT splicing features and PET/CT mean features) were obtained through post-processing. The support vector machine (SVM) model and XGBoost model were established. The selected features were input to predict the expression status of HER2 in primary breast cancer lesions, and the prediction efficiency of the model was evaluated by ROC curve. The Delong test was used to compare the predictive effectiveness of different models and radiomic features, and the calibration curve of the machine learning model with the highest prediction efficiency was plotted. Results:Compared with SVM model, XGBoost model had better prediction performance ( z values: 2.26-3.54, P values: 0.016-0.040) when four kinds of radiomic features (CT features, PET features, PET/CT splicing features and PET/CT mean features) were input. ROC curve analysis showed that PET/CT mean features with XGBoost machine learning model had the best performance in predicting the expression status of HER2, and the maximum AUC was 0.83 (95% CI: 0.73-0.93), which was superior to CT features (0.75(95% CI: 0.63-0.88); z=3.57, P=0.027), PET features (0.73(95% CI: 0.60-0.86); z=2.64, P=0.034) and PET/CT splicing features (0.74(95% CI: 0.60-0.87); z=2.49, P=0.037). Conclusion:XGBoost machine learning model based on PET/CT radiomics fusion features is expected to predict HER2 expression status in patients with breast cancer.

Variabilidade espacial intraurbana da mortalidade por câncer de mama e do colo do útero no município de São Paulo: análise dos fatores associados / Intra-urban spatial variability of breast and cervical cancer mortality in the city of São Paulo: analysis of associated factors

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar a variabilidade espacial da mortalidade por câncer de mama e colo do útero e avaliar fatores associados à mortalidade por esses cânceres no município de São Paulo. Métodos: Entre 2009 e 2016 foram registrados, no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade, 10.124 óbitos por câncer de mama e 2.116 óbitos por câncer do colo do útero em mulheres com 20 anos e mais. Os registros foram geocodificados por endereço de residência e agregados segundo território adstrito. Foram realizadas modelagens de regressão espacial utilizando-se a abordagem bayesiana com estrutura de Besag-York-Mollié para verificar a associação dos óbitos com indicadores selecionados. Resultados: As taxas de mortalidade por esses cânceres apresentaram padrões espaciais inversos. As variáveis associadas à mortalidade por câncer de mama foram: tempo de deslocamento para o trabalho entre uma e duas horas (risco relativo — RR 0,97; intervalo de credibilidade — IC95% 0,93-1,00); mulheres responsáveis pelo domicílio (RR 0,97; IC95% 0,94-0,99) e óbitos por câncer de mama ocorridos em estabelecimentos privados (RR 1,04; IC95% 1,00-1,07). À mortalidade por câncer do colo do útero, estiveram associados: tempo de deslocamento para o trabalho entre meia e uma hora (RR 0,92; IC95% 0,87-0,98); rendimento domiciliar até três salários-mínimos (RR 1,27; IC95% 1,18-1,37); e razão de menores de um ano em relação à população feminina de 15 a 49 anos (RR 1,09; IC95% 1,01-1,18). Conclusão: Foram calculados os RR preditos para a mortalidade por esses cânceres, que estiveram associados às condições socioeconômicas das áreas de abrangência.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify spatial variability of mortality from breast and cervical cancer and to assess factors associated in the city of São Paulo. Methods: Between 2009 and 2016, 10,124 deaths from breast cancer and 2,116 deaths from cervical cancer were recorded in the Mortality Information System among women aged 20 years and over. The records were geocoded by address of residence and grouped according to Primary Health Care coverage areas. A spatial regression modeling was put together using the Bayesian approach with a Besag-York-Mollié structure to verify the association of deaths with selected indicators. Results: Mortality rates from these types of cancer showed inverse spatial patterns. These variables were associated with breast cancer mortality: travel time between one and two hours to work (RR - relative risk: 0.97; 95%CI - credible interval: 0.93-1.00); women being the head of the household (RR 0.97; 95%CI 0.94-0.99) and deaths from breast cancer in private health institutions (RR 1.04; 95%CI 1.00-1.07). The following variables were associated with mortality from cervical cancer: travel time to work between half an hour and one hour (RR 0.92; 95%CI 0.87-0.98); per capita household income of up to 3 minimum wages (RR 1.27; 95%CI 1.18-1.37) and ratio of children under one year of age related to the female population aged 15 to 49 years (RR 1.09; 95%CI 1.01-1.18). Conclusion: The predicted RR for mortality from these cancers were calculated and associated with the socioeconomic conditions of the areas covered.

Evaluation of clinical, pathological and epidemiological profile of patients with breast cancer in the microregion of Lavras ­ MG

Breast cancer is associated with high frequency and mortality in Brazilian women. There have been limited studies portraying the characteristics of breast cancer cases in the countryside of the state of Minas Gerais for a long period of time, a fact that will allow us to better understand the epidemiology of these tumors. This descriptive study aims to analyze the epidemiology and clinical features of patients with breast cancer treated at a public health service facility in Lavras, MG. Methods: This is a transversal study with 299 women diagnosed with breast cancer between 2002 and 2022, based on data collection from medical records and subsequent descriptive analysis. Results: There were a total of 317 cases, and 299 were eligible for the study. The mean age at diagnosis was 54.2 years, and 36.1% of the patients were under 50 years old at diagnosis. Positive family history was found in 17.0% of the patients. The diagnosis was made by clinical alteration detected on physical examination in 71.5% of cases, and lump was the most frequent type of lesion (89.0%). Invasive carcinoma was 93.1% of the cases, and the mean tumor size was 28.6 mm. The average time between first medical appointment and diagnosis was 63.2 days, and between diagnosis and beginning of treatment was 39.6 days. Conclusions: This study showed that a significant number of cases occurred in women outside the recommended age for screening in Brazil. Diagnosis was predominantly performed by clinical examination, with delays in obtaining the histological diagnosis, and the stage at diagnosis was high, and these facts were associated with the health system limitations (AU)

Exposición a material particulado y su relación con el cáncer de mama. Mecanismos fisiopatológicos / Exposure to particulate matter and its association to breast cancer. Pathophysiological mechanisms

Introducción. El cáncer de mama es el tipo de cáncer que genera más muertes en mujeres en el mundo. Aunque se reconoce el aporte de factores genéticos, hormonales y de estilos de vida como sus principales causas, las hipótesis que señalan que la contaminación del ambiente juega un papel importante en su desarrollo, han tomado mucha fuerza en los últimos años. Estas hipótesis surgen debido a que el aumento en la incidencia del cáncer de mama coincide con procesos de industrialización, además de mayor presencia en regiones urbanas y con altos niveles de contaminación. El objetivo de este artículo fue consolidar información sobre los mecanismos fisiopatológicos que puedan explicar la relación entre cáncer de mama y la contaminación por material particulado. Metodología. Se realizó una búsqueda de literatura en PubMed, Google Académico y Epistemonikos para documentos publicados sobre el tema desde enero de 2016 hasta el 3 de agosto de 2022. Resultados. Se encontró que algunos de los mecanismos que podrían explicar dicha relación incluyen: alteraciones endocrinas que favorecen cambios hormonales, induciendo el crecimiento mamario; cambios en las características histológicas del tejido normal, como involución reducida de unidades lobulares ductales terminales; formación de aductos de hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos-ácido desoxirribonucleico (HAP-ADN), con mutación específica del gen TP53; activación de la proliferación en la línea celular MCF-7; y, alteraciones en la metilación del ADN. Conclusión. Si bien órganos distales como la mama no son la primera entrada de los contaminantes ambientales al cuerpo, estos sí pueden verse afectados tras la exposición a largo plazo, a través de diferentes mecanismos de disrupción endocrina y daño al ADN principalmente

Breast cancer is the type of cancer that causes the most deaths in women worldwide. Although the contribution of genetic, hormonal and lifestyle factors are recognized as its main causes, the hypotheses that indicate that environmental pollution has an important role in its development have taken on great strength during the last years. These hypotheses are based on the increase in the incidence of breast cancer that coincides with industrialization processes, in addition to its greater presence in urban regions with high levels of pollution. The aim of this study was to consolidate information on the pathophysiological mechanisms that can explain the relationship between breast cancer and air pollution by particulate matter. Methodology. A literature search was carried out in PubMed, Google Scholar and Epistemonikos for documents published on this topic from January 2016 until August 3rd 2022. Results. Some of the mechanisms that could explain this association include endocrine alterations that favor hormonal changes, inducing breast growth; changes in the histological characteristics of normal tissue such as reduced involution of terminal duct lobular units; formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-deoxyribonucleic acid (PAH-DNA) adducts, with specific mutation of the TP53 gene; an increase in cell proliferation in the MCF-7 cell line; and alterations in DNA methylation. Conclusion. Although distal organs such as the breast are not the entry site of environmental pollutants into the body, they can be affected after prolonged exposure, mainly through different mechanisms of endocrine disruption and DNA damage

Tumor filoide gigante. Presentación de un caso

Los tumores filoides son una de las tumoraciones raras de la mama. Su forma habitual de presentación es en forma de masa firme, sin dolor, generalmente de un solo lado y móvil. Se presentó el caso de paciente de 17 años, del sexo femenino, con seropositividad para VIH, que se consultó por aumento de volumen de mama izquierda con crecimiento acelerado en los últimos seis meses. Al examen físico se palpó tumoración gigante ulcerada de mama izquierda, indolora y de consistencia firme multilobulada, con red venosa superficial. La tumoración, de unos 33 cm, ocupaba prácticamente toda la mama izquierda. No se palparon adenopatías. Luego de los estudios imaginológicos realizados fue intervenida quirúrgicamente. El estudio anatomopatológico informó tumor filoide de alto grado. La paciente evolucionó favorablemente durante el posoperatorio y se le dio alta médica con buen estado general y sin fiebre. Se revisó el estudio y manejo de esta patología, así como la importancia de un correcto diagnóstico diferencial.

Giant phyllodes tumors are one of the rarest breast tumors. This tumor typically presents itself as a firm and painless mass, mobile and generally located in one of the breasts. An HIV-positive 17 years old female patient presented a left breast swelling with a history of fast growing pace in the previous 6 months. Physical examination showed an ulcerated painless giant phyllodes tumor on the left breast, with multilobed firm characteristics and considerable blood vessel network. The tumor, with a 33cm circumference, took most of the left breast volume. No lymphadenopathies were detected. After radiographic tests, surgical procedure was performed. The anatomopathological report confirmed the presence of a high grade phyllodes tumor. The patient evolved favorably after surgery and was discharged in good general condition, with no fever. The study and management of this pathology was reviewed, as well as the importance of a correct differential diagnosis.

Tumores filoides são um dos tumores raros da mama. Sua forma usual de apresentação é como uma massa firme, indolor, geralmente unilateral e móvel. Foi apresentado o caso de uma paciente de 17 anos com soropositividade para HIV, que foi consultada devido ao aumento do volume da mama esquerda com crescimento acelerado nos últimos seis meses. Ao exame físico, palpava-se tumoração gigante ulcerada em mama esquerda, indolor e firme, multilobulada, com rede venosa superficial. O tumor, de cerca de 33 cm, ocupava praticamente toda a mama esquerda. Não havia adenopatias palpáveis. Após a realização dos exames de imagem, foi submetida a cirurgia. O estudo anatomopatológico relatou um tumor phyllodes de alto grau. A paciente evoluiu bem no pós-operatório, recebendo alta em bom estado geral e sem febre. Foi revisto o estudo e tratamento desta patologia, bem como a importância de um correto diagnóstico diferencial.

Free dance randomized clinical trial for women undergoing breast cancer surgery / Ensaio clínico aleatório de dança gratuita para mulheres submetidas a cirurgia de câncer da mama / Ensayo clínico aleatorizado de danza gratuita para mujeres sometidas a cirugía de cáncer de mama

Objective: to analyze the effect of a free dance protocol (pre and post 12- week intervention) on depressive symptoms, body image and sexual function in women undergoing breast cancer surgery. Methods: a randomized clinical trial, composed of 24 women undergoing surgery after the diagnosis of breast cancer, who were randomized into two groups: Free dance Intervention Group and Control Group. The free dance group received the intervention twice a week, 60 minutes per session, for 12 weeks. The control group maintained their routine activities during the 12 weeks. All participants were evaluated before and after the 12 weeks of intervention. Outcomes evaluated were depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Questionnaire - BDI), body image (Body Image after Breast Cancer questionnaire) and sexual function (Female Sexual Function Index questionnaire). Results: Body image showed a significant intragroup difference in free dance in the vulnerability domain (p=0.031), significant intergroup difference in the limitation domain (p=0.045) and concern with the body (p=0.035). Sexual function showed a significant intragroup difference in free dance in the desired domain (p=0.031) and a significant intragroup difference in the control group in the lubrication domain (p=0.021), however in a negative way. No differences were found for depressive symptoms. Conclusions: The practice of free dancing showed a positive effect, even if small, on body image and a negative effect on sexual function in women undergoing breast cancer surgery.

Objetivo: analisar o efeito de um protocolo de dança livre (pré e pós- intervenção de 12 semanas) sobre os sintomas depressivos, imagem corporal e função sexual em mulheres submetidas a cirurgia de câncer de mama. Métodos: um ensaio clínico randomizado, composto por 24 mulheres submetidas à cirurgia após o diagnóstico de câncer de mama, que foram randomizadas em dois grupos: Free dance Intervention Group e Control Group. O grupo de dança gratuita recebeu a intervenção duas vezes por semana, 60 minutos por sessão, por 12 semanas. O grupo de controle manteve suas atividades de rotina durante as 12 semanas. Todos os participantes foram avaliados antes e depois das 12 semanas de intervenção. Os resultados avaliados foram sintomas depressivos (Beck Depression Questionnaire - BDI), imagem corporal (Body Image após Breast Cancer Questionário) e função sexual (Feminino Sexual Function Index Questionnaire). Resultados: A imagem corporal mostrou diferença intragrupo significativa na dança livre no domínio de vulnerabilidade (p=0,031), diferença significativa no domínio de limitação (p=0,045) e preocupação com o corpo (p=0,035). A função sexual mostrou diferença intragrupo significativa na dança livre no domínio desejado (p=0,031) e diferença intragrupo significativa no grupo controle no domínio de lubrificação (p=0,021), porém de forma negativa. Não foram encontradas diferenças para os sintomas depressivos. Conclusões: A prática da dança livre mostrou um efeito positivo, ainda que pequeno, na imagem corporal e um efeito negativo na função sexual em mulheres submetidas à cirurgia de câncer de mama.

Objetivo: analizar el efecto de un protocolo de baile libre (pre y post intervención de 12 semanas) sobre la sintomatología depresiva, imagen corporal y función sexual en mujeres sometidas a cirugía por cáncer de mama. Métodos: ensayo clínico aleatorizado, compuesto por 24 mujeres sometidas a cirugía después del diagnóstico de cáncer de mama, que fueron aleatorizadas en dos grupos: Grupo de Intervención de Danza Libre y Grupo Control. El grupo de baile gratuito recibió la intervención dos veces por semana, 60 minutos por sesión, durante 12 semanas. El grupo control mantuvo sus actividades rutinarias durante las 12 semanas. Todos los participantes fueron evaluados antes y después de las 12 semanas de intervención. Los resultados evaluados fueron síntomas depresivos (cuestionario de depresión de Beck - BDI), imagen corporal (cuestionario de imagen corporal después de cáncer de mama) y función sexual (cuestionario de índice de función sexual femenina). Resultados: La imagen corporal mostró una diferencia intragrupo significativa en la danza libre en el dominio de vulnerabilidad (p=0,031), diferencia intergrupal significativa en el dominio de limitación (p=0,045) y preocupación por el cuerpo (p=0,035). La función sexual mostró una diferencia intragrupo significativa en la danza libre en el dominio deseado (p=0,031) y una diferencia intragrupo significativa en el grupo control en el dominio de lubricación (p=0,021), sin embargo de manera negativa. No se encontraron diferencias para la sintomatología depresiva. Conclusiones: La práctica del baile libre mostró un efecto positivo, aunque pequeño, sobre la imagen corporal y un efecto negativo sobre la función sexual en mujeres sometidas a cirugía por cáncer de mama.

Revisión de los factores de riesgo y factores protectores para el cáncer de mama

Objetivo: Revisar los aspectos clínicos necesarios a tomar en cuenta por el médico tratante al interpretar los reportes de los hallazgos radiológicos en la mamografía y de otras pruebas diagnósticas para un diagnóstico integral del cáncer de mama. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de manuscritos publicados entre el 2010 y el 2020 sobre factores de riesgo y factores protectores que pueden verse involucrados en la incidencia del cáncer de mama. Se revisaron publicaciones de investigaciones realizadas en mujeres con diagnóstico de cáncer de mama de tipo ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, casos y controles, revisiones sistemáticas, metaanálisis y guías internacionales. Se buscó en las bases de datos bibliográficas PubMed, EBSCO y Scopus, publicaciones en inglés o español, utilizando términos provenientes de los Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud (DeCS). Resultados: Se identificaron un total de 735 artículos en las búsquedas, de los cuáles se excluyeron 508 por su poca relevancia de acuerdo con el título. De los 227 restantes se excluyeron 22 por estar repetidos en las distintas bases, 12 porque no cumplían con los criterios de inclusión, 83 durante la revisión del resumen, y 28 al revisar el texto completo. En total se incluyeron 82 artículos para elaborar esta revisión. Los factores identificados en la revisión de la literatura se clasificaron en tres áreas: fisiopatológicos, gíneco-obstétricos y ambientales. Los factores de riesgo fisiopatológicos son la historia familiar, hiperplasia epitelial atípica, etnia, mayor edad, diabetes tipo II, síndrome metabólico, mayor peso y talla y mutaciones genéticas; los gíneco-obstétricos son la menarquía temprana, la menopausia tardía y la nuliparidad; y los ambientales incluyen fármacos, hábitos de vida, procedimientos médicos y alimentación. Mientras que, entre los factores protectores, los factores fisiopatológicos son el hipotiroidismo, el asma y la rinitis alérgica; los gínecoobstétricos son la multiparidad, el primer embarazo a una edad temprana y dar lactancia; y los ambientales incluyen fármacos, procedimientos médicos y alimentación.

Aim: To review relevant clinical aspects for the attending physician to consider when interpreting the reports of radiological findings in the mammogram and other diagnostic tests for a comprehensive breast cancer diagnosis. 2 ISSN 0001-6012 • eISSN 2215-5856 / Acta méd. costarric. 2022 / octubre-diciembre; 64 (4): 1-11 Cáncer mama factores de riesgo y de protección Methods: A systematic literature review was carried out focusing on risk and protective factors associated with breast cancer incidence, within peer-reviewed scientific articles published between 2010 and 2020. Published research on women with a breast cancer diagnoses who participated in randomized clinical trials, case control studies, systematic reviews, meta-analysis, and international guides were used. Research terms were searched on PubMed, EBSCO and Scopus databases, published in Spanish and English, using terms from the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). Results: A total of 735 publications were found of which 508 were excluded due to title content being irrelevant to the review. Of the remainder 227, 22 were excluded due to been repeated across the different databases used, 12 because they did not meet the inclusion criteria, 83 after abstract review, and 28 after reading the whole text. A total of 82 papers were used for this review. The identified factors were categorized in three areas: pathophysiological, gynecological and obstetrics, and environmental factors. The pathophysiological risk factors are, family history, atypical hyperplasia, ethnicity, age, diabetes type II, metabolic syndrome, greater weight and height and genetic mutations; the gynecological and obstetric factors are early menarche, late menopause and nulliparity; and the environmental factors include prescription drugs, lifestyle habits, medical procedures and eating habits. Regarding the protector factors, the pathophysiological factors include hypothyroidism, asthma and allergic rhinitis; in the gynecological and obstetrics category are multiparity, the first pregnancy at early age and breast feeding; lastly, the environmental factors include prescription drugs, medical procedures and eating habits. Conclusions: Considering the risk and protector factors for breast cancer would allow a more comprehensive approach in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer.

An Overview of Psychological Interventions on Breast Cancer Patients: Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

Introduction: Psychological morbidities are common in breast cancer patients. Clinical conditions like depression, cognitive alterations, anxiety, distress, fear of cancer, sleep disorders, and fatigue may persist in cancer survivors. Therefore, psychological interventions are an essential treatment for breast cancer. Objective: To identify psychological interventions and psychological outcomes for women with breast cancer. Methods: Five databases were searched: EMBASE, ScienceDirect, MEDLINE (Ovid), CENTRAL (Ovid) y PsycINFO (APA PsyNET), from Jan 2014 to Jun 4th, 2018. Two authors reviewed all title articles and abstracts in databases and selected potentially eligible studies. A narrative synthesis of results was used due to the heterogeneity in randomized controlled trials, population characteristics, psychotherapies applied, outcomes, and timing of assessments. Results: This overview included 14 randomized controlled trials which comprise 1914 participants (included non-metastatic and metastatic), across 21 articles. The most common psychological interventions were cognitive-behavioral based. The principal psychological outcomes assessed were depression, quality of life, fatigue, and anxiety. Conclusion: Results from this review are useful to clarify an overview of intervention in psychological morbidities in breast cancer. Comorbidities vary, contribute costs to patients, and there is insufficient empirical evidence about psychotherapies to resolve all psychological morbidities in breast cancer patients.

Introducción: Las morbilidades psicológicas son comunes en pacientes con cáncer de mama. Condiciones clínicas como depresión, alteraciones cognitivas, ansiedad, angustia, miedo al cáncer, trastornos del sueño y fatiga pueden persistir en sobrevivientes de cáncer. Por ello, las intervenciones psicológicas son relevantes durante el tratamiento en el cáncer de mama. Objetivo: Identificar intervenciones y resultados psicológicos para mujeres con cáncer de mama. Métodos: Se buscaron en cinco bases de datos: EMBASE, ScienceDirect, MEDLINE (Ovid), CENTRAL (Ovid) y PsycINFO (APA PsyNET), de enero de 2014 al 4 de junio de 2018. Dos autores revisaron todos los artículos en bases de datos y seleccionaron estudios potencialmente elegibles. Se utilizó una síntesis narrativa de los resultados debido a la heterogeneidad en ensayos controlados aleatorios, características de la población, psicoterapias aplicadas, resultados y tiempo de las evaluaciones. Resultados: Este resumen incluyó 14 ensayos controlados aleatorios que comprometen a 1914 participantes (incluidos no metastásicos y metastásicos) en 21 artículos. Las intervenciones psicológicas más comunes fueron basadas en el comportamiento cognitivo. Los principales resultados psicológicos evaluados fueron la depresión, la calidad de vida, la fatiga y la ansiedad. Conclusión: Los resultados de esta revisión son útiles para aclarar una visión general de la intervención en morbilidades psicológicas en el cáncer de mama. Las comorbilidades varían, contribuyen con costos a los pacientes y no hay suficiente evidencia empírica sobre psicoterapias para resolver todas las morbilidades psicológicas en la mujer con cáncer de mama.

A experiência da menopausa precoce em mulheres com câncer de mama com idade inferior a 45 anos / The experience of premature menopause induced by breast cancer treatment in women under 45 years old

O aumento da incidência de câncer de mama em mulheres jovens, com menos de 45 anos, aliado à cronicidade da doença tem despertado a necessidade de melhor compreender as repercussões do tratamento com o intuito de construir um cuidado em saúde que atenda as especificidades das mulheres jovens com câncer de mama. A menopausa precoce está entre os aspectos com importante impacto à vida das mulheres jovens. Desta forma, o presente estudo teve por objetivo compreender o processo de luto decorrente da menopausa precoce induzida pelo tratamento do câncer de mama em mulheres com menos de 45 anos. Para atingir o objetivo proposto realizamos um estudo qualitativo, a partir do método clínico-qualitativo e da análise de conteúdo. Empregamos a entrevista aberta e o Procedimento de Desenhos-Estórias (D-E) como principais instrumentos de coleta de dados, que foram complementados com questionário de dados sociodemográficos e dados clínicos. Os dados foram analisados a partir da compreensão do luto como uma Transição Psicossocial e de teorias psicodinâmicas que permitiram aprofundar a compreensão dos aspectos subjetivos do processo de luto decorrente da menopausa precoce induzida pelo tratamento. A análise dos dados permitiu identificar cinco categorias: Corpo devastado e o ataque ao suporte identitário: "Eu mesma não me reconheço"; Necessidade de se familiarizar com o novo corpo: "É normal sentir isso?"; De corpo inteiro: "Meu corpo inteiro, eu notei que ele mudou"; O sofrimento associado à possibilidade da infertilidade: "É o meu Tendão de Aquiles"; e "Como fogo e gelo": Vicissitudes do desejo sexual criando desencontros na relação com o parceiro íntimo. Foi possível identificar diversas perdas simbólicas decorrentes da experiência da menopausa precoce que foram significativas para as mulheres jovens em tratamento. O conjunto de mudanças corporais fragiliza a base identitária do ser mulher jovem e antecipa algumas vivências ligadas ao envelhecimento. Observou-se que alguns lutos puderam ser ressignificados, enquanto outros apresentaram características de luto complicado, por não terem sido integrados a uma nova identidade. Os aspectos psicodinâmicos identificados no contexto do tratamento do câncer de mama e da consequente menopausa precoce, evidenciaram uma regressão das necessidades básicas, como necessidade de proteção e cuidado, bem como, sentimentos de culpa, ambivalência, medo da perda, medo da morte e desproteção. Tendências construtivas como a busca pela autonomia, pelo desenvolvimento pessoal e o desejo de recuperar a saúde também foram observados. Esperamos que o conhecimento produzido contribua para a melhor compreensão dos lutos simbólicos decorrentes da experiência da menopausa precoce induzida pelo tratamento do câncer de mama, para que o cuidado integral à mulher jovem com câncer de mama considere as repercussões da menopausa à saúde e vida dessas mulheres auxiliando na elaboração de tais lutos

The increased incidence of breast cancer in young women under 45 years of age and the chronicity of the disease has aroused the need to better understand the repercussions of treatment in order to offer a health care that meets the specificities of young women with breast cancer. Premature menopause is among the aspects with an important impact on young women's lives. Thus, the presente study aimed to understand the process of mourning resulting from premature menopause induced by breast cancer treatment in women under 45 years old. To achieve the proposed objective, a qualitative study was carried out through a clinial-qualitative approach and content analysis. We used the open interview and the Story-Drawing procedure as the mais tools for data collection, complemented with a questionnaire of sociodemographic data and clinical data. The data were analyzed considering the framework of grief as a Psychossocial Process and psychodinamic theories allowed a more profound understanding on subjective aspects of grief process resulting from the premature menopause induced by breast cancer treatment. The data analysis allowed the identification of five categories: Devastated body and the attack on identity support: "I don't recognize myself"; Need to familiarize yourself with the new body: "Is it normal to feel this?", All of me: "My whole body has changed", Suffering associeted with infertility: "Its my Achilles tendon", "Like fire and ice": vicissitudes of sexual desire creating mismatches in the relationship with the intimate partner. It was possible to identify many symbolic losses resulting from the experience of premature menopause that were relevant to young women in treatment. The set of body changes weakens the identity base of being a young woman and anticipates some experiences related to aging. Some losses could be elaborated, while others presented complicated grief characteristics because they were not integrated into a new identity. The psychodynamic aspects identified in the context of breast cancer treatment and consequent early menopause, showed a regression of basic needs, such as need for protection and care, as well as feelings of guilt, ambivalence, fear of loss, fear of death and unprotection. Constuctive trends such as the search for autonomy, personal development and the desire to recover health were also observed. It is expected that the knowledge produced will contribute to a better understanding of symbolic grief resulted from the experience of premature menopause induced by breast cancer treatment, so that comprehensive health care for young women with breast cancer considers the repercussions of menopause on the health and life of these women assisting in the elaboration of such mourning

Aspectos psicológicos do câncer de mama em mulheres / Psychological aspects of breast cancer in women

Objetivo: Identificar os principais aspectos psicológicos do câncer de mama em mulheres. Métodos: Revisão bibliográfica realizada durante o mês de setembro de 2020, nas bases de dados Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) e PubMed, recurso indexado na Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE). Resultados: Entre os materiais acessados, foram analisados 27 artigos, sistematizados nas seguintes categorias temáticas: qualidade de vida, fatores biopsicossociais, percepções de doenças, doenças psiquiátricas, vida sexual, imagem corporal e acompanhamento psicológico. Conclusão: Os principais aspectos psicológicos do câncer de mama nas mulheres são de fato a mudança da imagem corporal, o desenvolvimento de depressão leve e moderada e conturbações na vida íntima do casal. O ensino médico deve abranger, além dos conhecimentos biológicos, a experiência subjetiva da paciente diante desse evento estressor e seus desdobramentos nos vários âmbitos da vida, para garantir o bem-estar da paciente.(AU)

Objective: To identify the main psychological aspects of breast cancer. Methods: Bibliographic review carried out during the month of September 2020, in the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) and PubMed databases, a resource indexed in the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE). Results: From the literature researched, 27 articles were analyzed and divided into the following categories: quality of life, biopsychosocial factors, perception of diseases, psychiatric diseases, sexual life, body image and psychological monitoring. Conclusion: The main psychological aspects of breast cancer in women is in fact the change in body image, the development of mild and moderate depression and disturbances in the couple's intimate life. Medical education must encompass, in addition to biological knowledge, the patient's subjective experience of this stressful event and its consequences in the various spheres of life, in order to guarantee the patient's well-being.(AU)

Local recurrence pattern of pT 1-2N 1 breast cancer after modified radical mastectomy—a pooled-analysis of 5442 patients from 12 centers / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Objective:To analyze locoregional recurrence (LRR) pattern of patients with pT 1-2N 1 breast cancer after modified radical mastectomy, with and without adjuvant radiotherapy (RT). Methods:A total of 5442 eligible patients with breast cancer from 12 Chinese centers were included. The LRR sites and the effect of RT at different sites on recurrence in patients with and without RT were analyzed. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the cumulative LRR rate, and the difference was compared by the log-rank test.Results:With a median follow-up time of 63.8 months for the entire cohort, 395 patients developed LRR. The chest wall and supraclavicular fossa were the most common LRR sites, regardless of RT or molecular subtypes. The 5-year chest wall recurrence rates for patients with and without chest wall irradiation were 2.5% and 3.8%( P=0.003); the 5-year supraclavicular lymph nodal recurrence rates for patients with and without supraclavicular fossa irradiation were 1.3% and 4.1%( P<0.001); the 5-year axillary recurrence-free rates for patients with and without axillary irradiation were 0.8% and 1.5%( HR=0.31, 95% CI: 0.04-2.23, P=0.219); and the 5-year internal mammary nodal recurrence-free rates for patients with and without internal mammary nodal irradiation were 0.8% and 1.5%( HR=0.45, 95% CI: 0.11-1.90, P=0.268). Conclusions:The chest wall and supraclavicular fossa are the most common LRR sites of patients with pT 1-2N 1 breast cancer after modified radical mastectomy, which is not affected by adjuvant RT or molecular subtypes. The chest wall and supraclavicular fossa irradiation significantly reduce the risk of recurrence in the corresponding area. However, axillary and internal mammary nodal irradiation has no impact on the risk of recurrence in the corresponding area.

Preliminary application of MR-Linac in breast cancer radiotherapy in a single academic center / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Objective:To describe a prospective study of pre-operative tumor-bed boost performed at the 1.5 T MR-Linac in combination with adjuvant whole breast irradiation, and a first case, with an accentuation on clinical feasibility and safety.Methods:A phase II, single arm study recruiting early stage patients follows a paradigm that first boosts the tumor bed and then undergoes breast conservative surgery in 2 weeks, and last irradiates the whole breast in 6 weeks. The primary endpoint is ≥ grade 2 acute breast toxicity. A 43 years old patient affected by a breast carcinoma, not special type of the right-sided lateral quadrant, staged cT 2N 0M 0, was planned and treated. The dose, 8 Gy for one time, was calculated by Monaco on CT simulation images. Both the air electron stream effect (ESE) and the electron return effect (ERE) at the presence of 1.5 T magnetic field were evaluated. During the pre-treatment evaluation, we carried out adaptation-to-position adjustment. Results:The normal organ dosimetry is within toleration. The Dmax to the skin, the chin and the right upper arm was 8.44 Gy, 28.5 cGy and 17.8 cGy, respectively. There was no increased toxicity from ERE and ESE, and the treatment was well tolerated without > grade 1 acute toxicity. The patient received breast conservative surgery on day 7 without delayed wound healing.Conclusions:This is the first case successfully treated within a clinical trial by pre-operative tumor-bed boost under 1.5 T MR-Linac in our institution. More participants are needed to validate and optimize the paradigm.

Longitudinal study on the trajectory and influencing factors of cancer-related fatigue in breast cancer patients during chemotherapy / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To investigate the longitudinal trajectory and influencing factors of cancer-related fatigue (CRF) in breast cancer patients during chemotherapy.Methods:From March 2019 to January 2020, breast cancer patients in Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Peking Union Medical College Hospital were selected as the research objects to conduct follow-up investigation. The survey tools included general information questionnaire, Cancer-related Fatigue Assessment Scale, International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Scale.Results:A total of 91 patients were included in the study. The incidence of severe CRF at each time point before chemotherapy, 3 weeks after chemotherapy and 6 weeks after chemotherapy were 1.1% (1/91), 8.8% (5/57) and 2.1% (1/48), respectively. The results of the generalized estimation equation showed that the trajectory of the total score CRF firstly increased and then decreased, reaching a peak at 3 weeks after chemotherapy (35.45±13.07), and mild CRF change showed statistical difference ( P<0.05). In addition, BMI and sleep and daytime dysfunction were the influencing factors of the total score of CRF. Disease stage, sleep disturbance and daytime dysfunction were the influencing factors of CRF with different severity. Conclusions:CRF is a prominent problem in breast cancer patients during chemotherapy. Attention should be paid to high-risk individuals with abnormal BMI and daytime function by medical staff.